The world has a tendency to overlook African solutions and the continent's significant contributions to science, engineering, and technology. This stems from a combination of historical biases, systemic inequalities, misconceptions, and a lack of self-promotion. 

Colonialism suppressed indigenous knowledge and dismissed African contributions as primitive or inferior. This created a narrative that Africans lacked intelligence and sophistication, which persists in some perspectives today. Colonisation, enslavement, and displacement disrupted traditional ways of knowledge transmission, leading to the loss of valuable historical narratives.

Africa has often been stereotyped as a "dark continent," a place of wilderness and savagery rather than civilization and innovation. Western media frequently focuses on Africa’s challenges (corruption, crime, disease and poverty) rather than its rich history or innovations, reinforcing the negative image.

African solutions are undervalued because they do not align with modern definitions of technological progress. It is time to change the narrative starting with these examples from the world of construction, science, conservation, medicine and nutrition.

African solutions for the Construction Industry

Africans can draw immense value from traditional building methods by integrating them with modern innovations, particularly in the context of sustainable development and climate resilience. 

The Austrian Pavilion at Dubai Expo 2020 serves as an excellent case study of how traditional materials like mud can be leveraged in contemporary construction. The Pavilion used mud bricks and modular design to showcase how traditional techniques can align with modern aesthetics and functionality. The pavilion had 38 intersecting cones inspired by traditional wind towers, constructed from loam—a mixture of sand and clay. This design facilitated natural cooling by drawing in cool air from below and expelling warm air through the top, significantly reducing energy consumption. The pavilion's modular construction allowed for disassembly and reassembly in different configurations, promoting resource efficiency and sustainability.

Traditional African buildings, such as the adobe houses of Mali or the thatched-roof huts of East Africa, are designed to adapt to local climates. Mud walls provide excellent insulation, keeping interiors cool during hot days and warm at night. Mud, clay, and thatch are natural, abundant, and biodegradable materials, reducing the environmental footprint of construction. These materials are often locally sourced, which lowers transportation costs and supports local economies. This is one of many African solutions to address pressing problems.

African cities facing rapid urbanization can adopt modernized mud construction for affordable housing. Techniques like compressed stabilized earth blocks (CSEBs) can modernize mud construction while maintaining structural integrity. In rural areas, blending traditional knowledge with modern tools (like structural reinforcements) can help create homes that withstand environmental stressors such as floods or droughts. 

African solutions in science, engineering and astronomy

Africa has a rich and often underappreciated history of contributions to science and astronomy. These contributions span ancient civilizations, traditional knowledge systems, and modern developments. Here are some examples of Africa’s historical impact on these fields:

• Ancient Egypt made significant contributions to astronomy, mathematics, and engineering. Firstly, the Egyptians developed a solar calendar of 365 days, dividing the year into 12 months of 30 days, with 5 extra days added at the end. This system influenced the Julian calendar. Secondly, temples such as Abu Simbel and the Great Pyramid of Giza were aligned with celestial events, such as solstices, demonstrating advanced knowledge of the stars. Lastly, the Egyptians created star charts and cataloged celestial phenomena. They recognized constellations like Orion and Sirius (known as Sopdet), which played a vital role in predicting the Nile’s annual flooding.
• Ethiopian contributions to mathematics and astronomy: the rock-hewn churches of Lalibela, Ethiopia, are thought to incorporate astronomical alignments and symbolism reflecting the cosmos. Ethiopia uses a unique solar calendar that differs from the Gregorian system, reflecting traditional astronomical practices.
• The Dogon People of Mali: Dogon people are known for their sophisticated understanding of celestial phenomena. Dogon cosmology includes detailed descriptions of Sirius, its companion star Sirius B (a white dwarf), and its orbital period—information that modern science confirmed only with telescopes.
• Stone circles of Africa: several ancient stone structures in Africa suggest advanced astronomical knowledge. The Nabta Playa in Southern Egypt is a prehistoric site that features a stone circle believed to function as an astronomical observatory, dating back over 7,000 years. It tracked solstices and was possibly used for agricultural planning. The Senegambian Stone Circles in Senegal and Gambia are megalithic structures, while primarily burial sites, may have had celestial alignments.
• Traditional Knowledge Systems: African traditional knowledge systems include sophisticated practices based on observational science. Many African cultures relied on star patterns for navigation, particularly in coastal and desert regions. Indigenous groups used astronomical and ecological signs to predict seasonal changes and rain, essential for agriculture.
• African metallurgy and engineering: The Nok culture of Nigeria and the Meroitic Kingdom in Sudan were early adopters of iron-smelting technologies. These practices required advanced understanding of heat, chemistry, and material properties. The engineering and architecture of Great Zimbabwe demonstrate an advanced understanding of structural physics.

African solutions in conservation

Traditional African methods for conservation are deeply rooted in indigenous knowledge systems, cultural practices, and spiritual beliefs that promote sustainable use and protection of natural resources. These methods are often community-driven, emphasizing harmony with nature and long-term ecological balance. 

Below are some key examples of traditional African conservation methods:

• Sacred forests and groves: certain forests, groves, or trees are considered sacred and protected as places of worship, spiritual connection, or burial sites. These areas often function as biodiversity reservoirs, protecting flora, fauna, and water sources from human exploitation. Examples include the Tano Sacred Grove in Ghana and the Kaya Forests in Kenya
• Community-Based Resource Management: Many African communities practice collective ownership of land and resources, ensuring shared responsibility for their sustainable use. The Maasai of Kenya practice rotational grazing systems to prevent overgrazing and land degradation. The Zulu people in South Africa use communal water management systems to ensure equitable distribution and conservation.
• Traditional agroforestry: indigenous farming systems incorporate trees and shrubs into agricultural landscapes to enhance soil fertility, prevent erosion, and provide additional resources. The Faidherbia albida tree in the Sahel region is left standing in fields because it improves soil fertility by fixing nitrogen and shedding leaves in the growing season. In Ethiopia, enset (false banana) is cultivated alongside other crops for its resilience to drought and its soil-conserving properties.
• Indigenous knowledge of fire management: Controlled burns, known as fire-stick farming, are used to clear dry vegetation, prevent wildfires, and rejuvenate ecosystems. Communities in Southern Africa, such as the San people, use controlled fires to manage grasslands, promote new growth, and attract game. Perhaps the San people should be invited to California to provide technical support to the fire departments?
• Soil and water conservation techniques: Traditional methods are used to prevent soil erosion and conserve water in arid and semi-arid regions. The Zai pits of Burkina Faso involve digging small pits to capture water and plant organic matter, enabling crops to grow in dry conditions. The bund system in Ethiopia uses stone barriers to reduce runoff and retain soil. These methods enhance agricultural productivity, restore degraded lands, and improve water retention.
• Protection of wetlands: wetlands are protected and sustainably used because of their importance in water filtration, flood control, and providing resources like reeds and fish.The Okavango Delta in Botswana is managed through traditional practices that limit overfishing and preserve biodiversity.
• Traditional fishing techniques: Indigenous fishing methods ensure sustainable harvesting by regulating the timing, techniques, and areas for fishing. The Dugout canoe fishing techniques in the Niger Delta ensure minimal environmental impact. Seasonal fishing bans, practiced by the Luo people of Kenya and Uganda, allow fish populations to regenerate.
• Water conservation through indigenous techniques: Traditional water harvesting and storage methods address scarcity in arid regions. In Kenya, the sand dam system involves constructing barriers in seasonal rivers to store water in the sand, which is later extracted for use.

Traditional African Medicine

Traditional African Medicine (TAM) has a rich heritage rooted in the use of indigenous plants, rituals, and knowledge systems passed down over generations. Its integration with modern healthcare systems has led to notable success stories in various African countries, showcasing its potential to complement conventional medicine. Below are some key examples of success stories:

• South Africa: Rooibos is an indigenous herbal tea celebrated for its antioxidant properties. Research has validated its health benefits, including reducing inflammation and improving heart health. It has become a globally recognized product, supporting local farmers and traditional knowledge systems. Another plant, Hoodia gordonii, is traditionally used by the San people to suppress hunger during long hunts. 
• Nigeria: has a long history of using plants like Artemisia annua (sweet wormwood) for malaria treatment. The discovery of artemisinin, derived from this plant, revolutionized malaria treatment worldwide and earned Chinese scientist Tu Youyou the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 2015. Q: Why a Chinese scientist and not a Nigerian one?
• Ethiopia: boasts one of the largest collections of traditional medicinal plants in Africa. These plants are integral to the primary healthcare of many rural communities. The government has supported the cultivation of plants like Moringa oleifera, Endod (Phytolacca dodecandra), and Tena Adam (Ruta chalepensis) for treating ailments ranging from gastrointestinal issues to respiratory infections.
• Uganda: neem (Azadirachta indica), widely used in Uganda, has been employed for malaria prevention and skin care. The tree's antibacterial and antiviral properties have made it a staple in many Ugandan households. Ugandan researchers and entrepreneurs have developed neem-based products, including soaps and mosquito repellents, creating economic opportunities and promoting traditional knowledge.
• Tanzania: traditional healers in Tanzania have used herbs like Sutherlandia frutescens and Hypoxis hemerocallidea (African potato) to manage symptoms of HIV/AIDS. These remedies have gained recognition for their immune-boosting properties and are used alongside antiretroviral therapy (ART) in some cases.

African solutions to food insecurity

Traditional African foods are often healthier than modern processed alternatives because they are made from natural, whole ingredients that are minimally processed, nutrient-dense, and often tailored to the local climate and lifestyle. Below are examples of traditional African foods that are celebrated for their health benefits:

• Fonio (West Africa): is a highly nutritious ancient grain native to the Sahel region. It is gluten-free and rich in amino acids especially methionine and cysteine. It also has a low glycemic index, making it ideal for managing blood sugar levels. Fonio is cooked like rice, made into porridge, or used in salads.
• Teff (Ethiopia): Teff is a tiny, gluten-free grain packed with iron, calcium, and fiber. It supports digestive health and provides slow-releasing energy. Teff flour is the primary ingredient in injera, a sourdough flatbread served with a variety of vegetable and meat stews.
• Amaranth leaves (across Africa): these leafy greens are a rich source of vitamins A, C, and K, as well as calcium and iron. They are low in calories but high in antioxidants. Often sautéed with onions, tomatoes, and spices, or added to soups and stews.
• Bambara groundnuts (West Africa): high in protein, fiber, and essential amino acids. They are drought-resistant, making them a sustainable food source. They can be boiled or roasted as a snack, or ground into flour for porridge.
• Baobab fruit (across Africa): a superfood rich in vitamin C, fiber, and antioxidants. It supports immunity, gut health, and energy levels. Baobab pulp is used in drinks, porridge, or as a natural sweetener.
• Millet (West and East Africa): Millet is a gluten-free grain that is high in fiber, magnesium, and B vitamins. It is excellent for heart health and blood sugar regulation. Made into porridge, flatbreads, or fermented beverages like Kunnu in Nigeria.
• Cassava (West, Central, and Southern Africa): a starchy root vegetable rich in carbohydrates, providing energy. It is also a source of vitamin C and resistant starch, which supports gut health. It is processed into gari, fufu, or cassava bread, and served with soups and stews.
• Palm Oil (West and Central Africa): Traditional red palm oil is a rich source of carotenoids (pro-vitamin A), tocopherols (vitamin E), and healthy fats. It is unrefined and free of harmful trans fats. It is used in dishes like egusi soup or banga soup.
• Sorghum (Across Africa): a gluten-free grain high in fibre, antioxidants, and protein. It is excellent for managing cholesterol and blood sugar. Made into porridge, flatbreads, or fermented drinks.
• Tigernuts (West Africa): a rich source of fiber, magnesium, and iron. They are prebiotic, promoting healthy gut bacteria. Eaten raw as a snack, made into Kunnu aya (a traditional beverage), or used as flour.

Conclusion

The world often forgets Africa’s historical contributions due to centuries of bias, systemic erasure, and neglect. By embracing African solutions, countries can celebrate cultural identity while contributing to global conversations about sustainability. 

Reclaiming and celebrating these contributions is not only essential for restoring historical justice. It will inspire future generations to build on the continent’s rich legacy of innovation and knowledge.